Second, synergies similar to those observed in organizing the reasoning of individual subject-matter experts also can occur in knowledge engineering projects that require the interaction of multiple disciplines.
First, the knowledge of individual subject-matter experts engaged in knowledge engineering often is not fully integrated when dealing with complex problems, at least initially.
It covers the following areas: knowledge discovery (data mining, complex systems modeling, knowledge engineering), data and services engineering (security and confidentiality, modeling, integration and querying, service composition).
